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<title>Adolf Heusinger</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Adolf Heusinger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Heusinger, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1960</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>December 1961 – 1 April 1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Charles_Paul_de_Cumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Paul de Cumont">Charles Paul de Cumont</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Paul de Cumont</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Inspector_General_of_the_Bundeswehr" title="Inspector General of the Bundeswehr">Inspector General of the Bundeswehr</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1 June 1957 – 31 March 1961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Friedrich_Foertsch" title="Friedrich Foertsch">Friedrich Foertsch</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Chief of the German Army High Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><i><b>Acting</b></i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>10 June 1944 – 21 July 1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Adolf Bruno Heinrich Ernst Heusinger</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-08-04</span>)</span>4 August 1897<br><a href="Holzminden" title="Holzminden">Holzminden</a>, <a href="Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-11-30)</span> (aged 85)<br><a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Gerda Luise Krüger </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">

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<ul><li><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="treeview">

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i></li>

<li><a href="German_Army_(1935-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (1935-1945)">German Army</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1945 <br> 1955–1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i><br><i><a href="General_(Germany)" title="General (Germany)">General</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><hr><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a><br><a href="Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge of 20 July 1944</a> in silver</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Adolf Bruno Heinrich Ernst Heusinger</b> (a.k.a. <b>Adolf Horn</b> while in <a href="Gehlen_Organization" title="Gehlen Organization">Gehlen Org</a>.; 4 August 1897 – 30 November 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German military officer whose career spanned the <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.

</p><p>He joined the <a href="German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> as a volunteer in 1915 and later became a professional soldier. He served as the Operations Chief within the general staff of the <a href="Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">High Command of the German Army</a> in the <a href="Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> from 1938 to 1944. He was then appointed acting Chief of the General Staff for two weeks in 1944 following <a href="Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a>'s resignation. That year, despite his presence in the conference room where the bomb detonated, Heusinger was accused of involvement in the <a href="20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> to assassinate <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, but was cleared by the <a href="People's_Court_(Germany)" title="People's Court (Germany)">People's Court</a>. Heusinger was later appointed head of the military <a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> office when the war ended. Despite his extensive knowledge and participation in war crimes, he later became a <a href="General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> for <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and served as <a href="Inspector_General_of_the_Bundeswehr" title="Inspector General of the Bundeswehr">head</a> of the West German military from 1957 to 1961 as well as <a href="Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a> from 1961 to 1964.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div>

<p>Heusinger was born in <a href="Holzminden" title="Holzminden">Holzminden</a>, in the <a href="Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. He entered the <a href="Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> in 1915 and became a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a></i></span> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

After the end of the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1918), Heusinger returned from British <a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"> captivity</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

in Yorkshire in December 1919 and in 1920 joined the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i></span> of the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. In 1931, Heusinger was assigned to the operations staff of the Troop Office (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Truppenamt</a></i></span>) in the <a href="Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Ministry of the Reichswehr</a>. (The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Truppenamt</i></span> functioned as the German Army's covert <a href="German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff"> General Staff</a>; its existence circumvented the 1919 <a href="Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, which had forbidden the institution.) In August 1937, Heusinger was assigned to the Operations Staff of the re-established Army (<a href="German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">OKH</a>) General Staff of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></span>. He served there, was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 20 March 1939 and to colonel on 1 August 1940. He continued to serve in the OKH Operations Staff, and on 15 October 1940 became OKH Operations Chief.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2></div>

<p>With the outbreak of the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the German Army High Command (the <a href="Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">OKH</a>) assumed its wartime organisation. Heusinger accompanied the field staff and assisted in the planning of operations for the <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasions of Poland</a>, <a href="German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">Denmark</a>, <a href="Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Norway</a>, and <a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France and the Low Countries</a>. He was promoted to colonel on 1 August 1940 and became chief of the <i>Operationsabteilung</i> in October 1940, which made him number three in the army's planning hierarchy, after the Chief of the General Staff, General <a href="Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>, and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff/Chief Quartermaster, General <a href="Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a>.

</p><p>After the <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, the OKH became responsible primarily for planning operations in that theatre, and the Armed Forces High Command (<i><a href="Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a></i>, or OKW) was responsible for other theatres. Halder was replaced as Chief of the General Staff in September 1942 by General <a href="Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a>. Heusinger remained chief of the <i>Operationsabteilung</i> and was promoted to <a href="Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> on 1 January 1943. In June 1944, Zeitzler suffered a nervous breakdown and abandoned his post, and on 10 June, Heusinger temporarily assumed his office as Chief of the General Staff of the Army. In this capacity, he attended the meeting at Hitler's <a href="Wolf's_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a> on 20 July 1944, and he was standing next to Hitler when the bomb exploded that had been planted by <a href="Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a>.

</p><p>Heusinger was hospitalised for his injuries in the explosion, but was later arrested and interrogated by the <a href="Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> to determine his role, if any, in the <a href="20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>. Although there was evidence that Heusinger had contacts with many of the conspirators, like for all other high-ranking Nazi military leaders, there was no evidence to connect him to the plot, and he was released in October 1944. According to Heusinger's own autobiography, he published an essay ("Denkschrift"), which Hitler received very positively. Heusinger made available all information that he had on the conspirators who had plotted against the Führer. He reaffirmed that he had not participated in the assassination plot since he still felt an obligation to fulfil his duty as a soldier of the German Reich, despite his personal view that the war had been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his release, he was placed into the <a href="F%C3%BChrerreserve" title="Führerreserve">Führerreserve</a>, a reserve army of high-ranking German military leaders awaiting assignments, and was not assigned to another position until 25 March 1945, when he was made chief of armed forces mapping department (<i>Chef Wehrmacht-Kartenwesen</i>). He was later taken prisoner by the Western Allies in May 1945.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2></div>

<p>An internee from 1945 to 1947, Heusinger testified during the <a href="Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>.

</p><p>In 1950, he became an advisor on military matters to <a href="Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, the first Chancellor of West Germany. He served in the Blank Office <i><a href="Amt_Blank" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt Blank">Amt Blank</a></i>, the office headed by <a href="Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a>, which became the West German <a href="Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)">Ministry of Defence</a> in 1955.

</p>

<p>With the establishment of the West Germany Armed Forces <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></span> in 1955, Heusinger returned to military service. He was appointed a <i>Generalleutnant</i> (lieutenant general) on 12 November 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeswehr</i></span> and chairman of the Military Leadership Council (<i>Militärischer Führungsrat</i>).

</p><p>In March 1957, he succeeded <a href="Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a> as chief of the all-armed forces department (<i>Chef der Abteilung Gesamtstreitkräfte</i>).

</p>

<p>Shortly thereafter, in June 1957, Heusinger was promoted to full general and named the first <a href="Inspector_General_of_the_Bundeswehr" title="Inspector General of the Bundeswehr">Inspector General of the Bundeswehr</a> (<i>Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr</i>), and he served in that capacity until March 1961. In April 1961, he was appointed <a href="Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, where he served until 1964 when he retired. He was, according to news reports, wanted by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s for <a href="War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> committed in the occupied Soviet territories. During the war he "bore responsibility for the systematic killings of civilians in Belarus as part of antipartisan operations". The fact that he never faced prosecution was highlighted in Soviet publications such as <i>Sovetskaia Belorussiia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Heusinger died in <a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> on 30 November 1982, aged 85.

</p><p>According to documents released by the German <a href="Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">Federal Intelligence Service</a> in 2014, Heusinger may have been part of the <a href="Schnez-Truppe" title="Schnez-Truppe">Schnez-Truppe</a>, a secret army that veterans of the <i>Wehrmacht</i> and <i><a href="Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i> sought to establish in the early 1950s in order to safeguard against a threat posed by East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1914) 1st and 2nd Class</li>

<li><a href="Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge</a> 1918 in Black</li>

<li><a href="Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1939) 1st and 2nd Class</li>

<li><a href="Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Princely_Reuss_Honour_Cross" title="Princely Reuss Honour Cross">Princely Reuss Honour Cross</a> 3rd Class with Swords</li>

<li>Princely Reuss Silver Merit Medal with Swords</li>

<li><a href="War_Merit_Cross_(Brunswick)" title="War Merit Cross (Brunswick)">War Merit Cross</a> 2nd Class (Brunswick)</li>

<li><a href="Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918</a> (First World War service medal)</li>

<li><a href="Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">Wound Badge of 20 July 1944</a> in silver</li>

<li><a href="War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a> (1939), 1st and 2nd Class with Swords</li>

<li><a href="Wehrmacht_Long_Service_Award" title="Wehrmacht Long Service Award">Wehrmacht Long Service Award</a>, 2nd Class</li>

<li><a href="Bundesverdienstkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverdienstkreuz">Large Merit Cross of the Merit Order of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star and Sash</a></li>

<li>Commander of the <a href="Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">United States Legion of Merit</a></li>

<li>Commander's Cross of the <a href="Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a></li>

<li>Commander's Cross of the <a href="Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class with Swords (Finland)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willi Winkler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/institut-fuer-zeitgeschichte-alte-kameraden-1.3926474-2"><i>Institut für Zeitgeschichte - Alte Kameraden</i></a>, sueddeutsche.de, April 2, 2018 –"Gehlen fürchtet durch die Veröffentlichung Angriffe auf seinen Kriegsvorgesetzten Adolf Heusinger, der ihm bis zu seiner Aufnahme in die Bundeswehr <b>unter dem Decknamen "Horn"</b> diente und mittlerweile zum Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr avanciert ist."</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9F4TAQAAMAAJ"><i>Adolf Heusinger: ein deutscher Soldat im 20. Jahrhundert</i></a>. Volume 3 of Schriftenreihe Innere Führung, ISSN 0171-3981. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Führungsstab der Streitkräfte I 3, 1987. 1987. p. 59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] am 4. 7. 1916 [...] wird er zum Leutnant befördert [...]</q></cite> </span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFKollmer2019" class="citation book cs1">Kollmer, Dieter H. (2 December 2019). "Heusinger, Adolf (1897-1982)". In <a href="David_T._Zabecki" title="David T. Zabecki">Zabecki, David T.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_BDwAAQBAJ"><i>The German War Machine in World War II: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781440869181</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>During World War I, he served as an infantry officer and was taken prisoner by the British in 1917.</q></cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Heusinger: <i>Befehl im Widerstreit, Schicksalsstunden der deutschen Armee 1923–1945</i>. Tübingen und Stuttgart 1950, S. 362.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was actually a promotion from his Wehrmacht rank of <i>Generalleutnant</i>. Until 1945, the German Army general officer ranks of <i>Generalmajor</i> (major-general) and <i>Generalleutnant</i> (lieutenant-general) were equivalent to one-star (brigadier or brigadier general) and two-star (major general) ranks, respectively. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeswehr</i></span> uses a rank structure that was standardised by NATO, with the addition of the one-star rank of <i>Brigadegeneral</i> and <i>Generalleutnant</i> the equivalent to three-star rank in the British and American armies.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/who_is_who_134296.htm">"Chairs of the NATO Military Committee"</a>. <i>nato.int</i>.</cite><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/who_is_who_134296.htm">"Chairs of the NATO Military Committee"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFExeler2022" class="citation book cs1">Exeler, Franziska (2022). <i>Ghosts of War: Nazi Occupation and Its Aftermath in Soviet Belarus</i>. Cornell University Press. p. 146. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5017-6275-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiegrefe, Klaus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/wehrmacht-veterans-created-a-secret-army-in-west-germany-a-969015.html"><i>"Files Uncovered: Nazi veterans Created Illegal Army"</i></a>, Spiegel Online, 14 May 2014</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSearle2003" class="citation book cs1">Searle, Alaric (2003). <i>Wehrmacht Generals, West German Society, and the Debate on Rearmament, 1949–1959</i>. Westport, CT: <a href="Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-275-97968-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/NYxBC4JAEIX_0Y4mRHTLQuhSpyi7xLoO65A7K-Ool358a9B78B3eBw-ekMp2Jm-VItseHlA72jeLacLsTSCmUVFoCsbj6DpyneLr5zwyiu2JxwHfipOkfYH7-tiicZFRVyqyUqIXq1HMEEX71UwiyRhqoc7yU5nl2T_5Z1uVx9tuUxTnS3WFIYTDF0HROcE!/">Biography on BMVg website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HeusingerAdolf/">http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HeusingerAdolf/</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123033424/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/HEUSINGER%2C%20ADOLF_0006.pdf">Adolf Heusinger - CIA</a>: <a href="CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s file on Heusinger, released under the <a href="Nazi_War_Crimes_and_Japanese_Imperial_Government_Records_Interagency_Working_Group" title="Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group">Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act</a>. The document shows that Heusinger initialled the <a href="Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> and <a href="Commando_Order" title="Commando Order">Commando Order</a>, but, due to his cooperative attitude, no further action was taken.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="16px_Inspectors_general_of_the_Bundeswehr851" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Inspector_General_of_the_Bundeswehr" title="Inspector General of the Bundeswehr">Inspectors general</a> of the <a href="Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Foertsch" title="Friedrich Foertsch">Friedrich Foertsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Trettner" title="Heinrich Trettner">Heinrich Trettner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulrich_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Ulrich de Maizière">Ulrich de Maizière</a></li>

<li><a href="Armin_Zimmermann" title="Armin Zimmermann">Armin Zimmermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Wust" title="Harald Wust">Harald Wust</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Brandt" title="Jürgen Brandt">Jürgen Brandt</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_Altenburg" title="Wolfgang Altenburg">Wolfgang Altenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieter_Wellershoff" title="Dieter Wellershoff">Dieter Wellershoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Klaus_Naumann" title="Klaus Naumann">Klaus Naumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartmut_Bagger" title="Hartmut Bagger">Hartmut Bagger</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Peter_von_Kirchbach" title="Hans-Peter von Kirchbach">Hans-Peter von Kirchbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Kujat" title="Harald Kujat">Harald Kujat</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_Schneiderhan_(general)" title="Wolfgang Schneiderhan (general)">Wolfgang Schneiderhan</a></li>

<li><a href="Volker_Wieker" title="Volker Wieker">Volker Wieker</a></li>

<li><a href="Eberhard_Zorn" title="Eberhard Zorn">Eberhard Zorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Carsten_Breuer" title="Carsten Breuer">Carsten Breuer</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chair_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee5738" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Chair_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee5738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chair_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chair of the NATO Military Committee">Chair of the NATO Military Committee</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;">

<ul><li>1949–1951 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></li>

<li>1951–1952 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a></span></span> <a href="Etienne_Baele" title="Etienne Baele">Etienne Baele</a></li>

<li>1952–1953 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a></span></span> <a href="Charles_Foulkes_(Canadian_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Foulkes (Canadian Army general)">Charles Foulkes</a></li>

<li>1953–1954 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a></span></span> <a href="Erhard_J.C._Qvistgaard" title="Erhard J.C. Qvistgaard">E. J. C. Quistgaard</a></li>

<li>1954–1955 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span> <a href="Augustin_Guillaume" title="Augustin Guillaume">Augustin Guillaume</a></li>

<li>1955–1956 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a></span></span> <a href="Stylianos_Pallis" title="Stylianos Pallis">Stylianos Pallis</a></li>

<li>1956–1957 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Giuseppe_Mancinelli_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Mancinelli (military)">Giuseppe Mancinelli</a></li>

<li>1957–1958 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a></span></span> <a href="Ben_Hasselman" title="Ben Hasselman">B. R. P. F. Hasselman</a></li>

<li>1958–1959 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Norway" title="Norway"></a></span></span> <a href="Bjarne_%C3%98en" title="Bjarne Øen">Bjarne Øen</a></li>

<li>1959–1960 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a></span></span> <a href="J._A._Beleza_Ferraz" title="J. A. Beleza Ferraz">J. A. Beleza Ferraz</a></li>

<li>1960<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">–1960</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a></span></span> <a href="R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Erdelhun" title="Rüştü Erdelhun">Rüştü Erdelhun</a></li>

<li>1960–1961 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a></li>

<li>1961–1962 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lyman Lemnitzer</a></li>

<li>1962–1963 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a></span></span> <a href="Charles_Paul_de_Cumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Paul de Cumont">C. P. de Cumont</a></li>

<li>1964–1968 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a></span></span> <a href="Charles_Paul_de_Cumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Paul de Cumont">C. P. de Cumont</a></li>

<li>1968–1971 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Nigel_Henderson" title="Nigel Henderson">Nigel Henderson</a></li>

<li>1971–1974 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Johannes_Steinhoff" title="Johannes Steinhoff">Johannes Steinhoff</a></li>

<li>1974–1977 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Peter_Hill-Norton" title="Peter Hill-Norton">Peter Hill-Norton</a></li>

<li>1977–1980 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Norway" title="Norway"></a></span></span> <a href="Herman_Fredrik_Zeiner-Gundersen" title="Herman Fredrik Zeiner-Gundersen">H. F. Zeiner-Gundersen</a></li>

<li>1980–1983 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a></span></span> <a href="Robert_Hilborn_Falls" title="Robert Hilborn Falls">Robert Hilborn Falls</a></li>

<li>1983–1986 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a></span></span> <a href="Cor_de_Jager" title="Cor de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li>

<li>1986–1989 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Wolfgang_Altenburg" title="Wolfgang Altenburg">Wolfgang Altenburg</a></li>

<li>1989–1993 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Norway" title="Norway"></a></span></span> <a href="Vigleik_Eide" title="Vigleik Eide">Vigleik Eide</a></li>

<li>1993–1996 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Richard_Vincent%2C_Baron_Vincent_of_Coleshill" title="Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill">Richard Vincent</a></li>

<li>1996–1999 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Klaus_Naumann" title="Klaus Naumann">Klaus Naumann</a></li>

<li>1999–2002 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Guido_Venturoni" title="Guido Venturoni">Guido Venturoni</a></li>

<li>2002–2005 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a></span></span> <a href="Harald_Kujat" title="Harald Kujat">Harald Kujat</a></li>

<li>2005–2008 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a></span></span> <a href="Ray_Henault" title="Ray Henault">Ray Henault</a></li>

<li>2008–2011 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Giampaolo_Di_Paola" title="Giampaolo Di Paola">Giampaolo Di Paola</a></li>

<li>2011–2015 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a></span></span> <a href="Knud_Bartels" title="Knud Bartels">Knud Bartels</a></li>

<li>2015–2018 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a></span></span> <a href="Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></li>

<li>2018–2021 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Stuart_Peach" title="Stuart Peach">Stuart Peach</a></li>

<li>2021–2025 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a></span></span> <a href="Rob_Bauer" title="Rob Bauer">Rob Bauer</a></li>

<li>2025–<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">2028</span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Giuseppe_Cavo_Dragone" title="Giuseppe Cavo Dragone">Giuseppe Cavo Dragone</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_killed_or_wounded_in_the_20_July_plot114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_killed_or_wounded_in_the_20_July_plot114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_people_killed_or_wounded_in_the_20_July_plot" title="List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot">People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wounded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heinz_Assmann" title="Heinz Assmann">Heinz Assmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Bodenschatz" title="Karl Bodenschatz">Karl Bodenschatz</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Borgmann" title="Heinrich Borgmann">Heinrich Borgmann</a></li>

<li>Heinz Buchholz</li>

<li><a href="Walther_Buhle" title="Walther Buhle">Walther Buhle</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_B%C3%BCchs" title="Herbert Büchs">Herbert Büchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein">Hermann Fegelein</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_G%C3%BCnsche" title="Otto Günsche">Otto Günsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Scherff" title="Walter Scherff">Walter Scherff</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicolaus_von_Below" title="Nicolaus von Below">Nicolaus von Below</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_John_von_Freyend" title="Ernst John von Freyend">Ernst John von Freyend</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl-Jesko_von_Puttkamer" title="Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer">Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_von_Sonnleithner" title="Franz von Sonnleithner">Franz von Sonnleithner</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Erich_Voss" title="Hans-Erich Voss">Hans-Erich Voss</a></li>

<li>Heinz Waizenegger</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Warlimont" title="Walter Warlimont">Walter Warlimont</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Heinz Berger</li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Brandt" title="Heinz Brandt">Heinz Brandt</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%BCnther_Korten" title="Günther Korten">Günther Korten</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Schmundt" title="Rudolf Schmundt">Rudolf Schmundt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authors_of_the_Himmerod_memorandum55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><div id="Authors_of_the_Himmerod_memorandum55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authors of the <a href="Himmerod_memorandum" title="Himmerod memorandum">Himmerod memorandum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Robert Knauss</li>

<li>Horst Krüger</li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Meister" title="Rudolf Meister">Rudolf Meister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wolf_Graf_Baudissin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Graf Baudissin">Wolf Graf Baudissin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Foertsch" title="Hermann Foertsch">Hermann Foertsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_von_Kielmansegg" title="Johann von Kielmansegg">Johann von Kielmansegg</a></li>

<li>Eberhard Graf von Nostitz</li>

<li><a href="Hans_R%C3%B6ttiger" title="Hans Röttiger">Hans Röttiger</a></li>

<li><a href="Fridolin_von_Senger_und_Etterlin" title="Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin">Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_von_Vietinghoff" title="Heinrich von Vietinghoff">Heinrich von Vietinghoff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Walter_Gladisch" title="Walter Gladisch">Walter Gladisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Ruge" title="Friedrich Ruge">Friedrich Ruge</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Schulze-Hinrichs" title="Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs">Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60337#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60337#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114801544">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/112051184">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/19497">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXCgJhDbX6TJfX9FB9Dq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118550519">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50079104">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527068f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527068f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2017968288&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070038244">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=234874">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/150033">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007279073705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/858862">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118550519.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118550519">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080532713">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz64k4">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/d1940e1c-06bc-40dd-be2c-0b7b3f572c92">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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